The Einstein Theory of RelativityBy Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1. Anyone reading it will in my opinion come to the conclusion that the basic ideas of the theory are really clear and simple.
2. I allow myself to add that as we follow Einstein, we may retain much of what has been formerly gained.
3.The Newtonian theory remains in its full values as the first great steps, without which one cannot imagine the development of astronomy.
4. It is not necessary to give up entirely even the ether.
5. If he had not done so, he probably would never have come upon the idea that has been the foundation of all his examinations.
Questions -
1. Why does the author feel that it will be easily understood?
2. Does the author feel that Newtons theories were as accurate as Einsteins?
3. Does the author feel that Einstein was given this opportunity because of what Newton started?
4. Did Einstein go completely against Newtons theory or did he expand on it?
Vocabulary -
1.ratios -the relation between two similar magnitudes with respect to the number of times the first contains the second
2. ascribe -to credit or assign, as to a cause or source; attribute; impute:
3. refraction -the change of direction of a ray of light, sound, heat, or the like, in passing obliquely from one medium into another in which its wave velocity is different.
Literary Terms -
setting -space
exposition -The author feels that Einsteins basic theory is easy to understand.
Outline -
The author explains that the basics of Einstein's theory is easy to comprehend. He also feel that without Newton, Einstein would not have been able to come up with his theory.
Wednesday, February 11, 2009
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of RelativityBy Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1. The total eclipse lasted five minutes, during four of which were perfectly clear.
2. If we consider that, according to the theory of displacements must be in inverse ratios to the distance from the center of the sun.
3. The result is of importance because thereby the theory is excluded, or at least made extremely improbable that the refraction is to ascribe to a ring of vapor surrounding the sun.
4. Indeed such a refraction should cause a deviation in the observed direction, and in order to produce the displacement of one of the stars under observation.
5. The times there should be so much complaint about the difficulty of understanding the new theory.
Questions -
1. What was thed significance of the eclipse in proving the theory?
2. How was Einstein able to think to put things in inverse ratios?
3. What was it that caused the theory to be excluded?
4. Are there more people around today that are able to understand the theory than there were when Einstein came up with it?
Vocabulary -
1.deviate - to turn aside, as from a route, way, course, etc. 2. intricacy - intricate character or state. 3. inverse - reversed in position, order, direction, or tendency.
Literary Terms - setting -space exposition - the eclipse was an important factor in proving the theory.
outline - There were important things involved inproving the theory. The eclipse and the inverse ratios as well as the refraction of sunlight helped to prove some parts while disproving others.
Comments -
1. The total eclipse lasted five minutes, during four of which were perfectly clear.
2. If we consider that, according to the theory of displacements must be in inverse ratios to the distance from the center of the sun.
3. The result is of importance because thereby the theory is excluded, or at least made extremely improbable that the refraction is to ascribe to a ring of vapor surrounding the sun.
4. Indeed such a refraction should cause a deviation in the observed direction, and in order to produce the displacement of one of the stars under observation.
5. The times there should be so much complaint about the difficulty of understanding the new theory.
Questions -
1. What was thed significance of the eclipse in proving the theory?
2. How was Einstein able to think to put things in inverse ratios?
3. What was it that caused the theory to be excluded?
4. Are there more people around today that are able to understand the theory than there were when Einstein came up with it?
Vocabulary -
1.deviate - to turn aside, as from a route, way, course, etc. 2. intricacy - intricate character or state. 3. inverse - reversed in position, order, direction, or tendency.
Literary Terms - setting -space exposition - the eclipse was an important factor in proving the theory.
outline - There were important things involved inproving the theory. The eclipse and the inverse ratios as well as the refraction of sunlight helped to prove some parts while disproving others.
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of RelativityBy Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1. What way Einstein had to follow is now apparent.
2. Therefore he made it his own so to arrange the theory that, no matter how the choice was made, the phenomena of gravitaion.
3. Whether this aim could be attained, remarkably enough and we may say to the surprise of Einstein himself although at the cost of considerable simplicity in the mathematical form.
4. Now, there was a difficulty in the movement of the planet Mercury which could not be solved.
5. Still more remarkable because it has a bearing upon a phenomenon which formerly could not be imagined.
Questions -
1. Was EInstein's way the only way to prove the theory?
2.Was gravity the major point to prove the theory?
3. What was the difficulty that Mercury presented?
4.What led Einstein to areas that until now were not imagined?
Vocabulary -
1.accord -to be in agreement or harmony; agree.
2. immovably -incapable of being moved; fixed; stationary
3. phenomena -something that is impressive or extraordinary.
Literary Terms -
exposition - Einsteins theory couild only be proven by following one path.
setting - space
Outline -
Einstein's theory could only be proven by using this one method. Mercury created a great difficulty in proving the theory.
Comments -
1. What way Einstein had to follow is now apparent.
2. Therefore he made it his own so to arrange the theory that, no matter how the choice was made, the phenomena of gravitaion.
3. Whether this aim could be attained, remarkably enough and we may say to the surprise of Einstein himself although at the cost of considerable simplicity in the mathematical form.
4. Now, there was a difficulty in the movement of the planet Mercury which could not be solved.
5. Still more remarkable because it has a bearing upon a phenomenon which formerly could not be imagined.
Questions -
1. Was EInstein's way the only way to prove the theory?
2.Was gravity the major point to prove the theory?
3. What was the difficulty that Mercury presented?
4.What led Einstein to areas that until now were not imagined?
Vocabulary -
1.accord -to be in agreement or harmony; agree.
2. immovably -incapable of being moved; fixed; stationary
3. phenomena -something that is impressive or extraordinary.
Literary Terms -
exposition - Einsteins theory couild only be proven by following one path.
setting - space
Outline -
Einstein's theory could only be proven by using this one method. Mercury created a great difficulty in proving the theory.
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of RelativityBy Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1. In order to measure the acceleration we let the body drop alongside of a vertical measure set solidly on the ground.
2. If in this case the speed were constant, then and this is in accord with the special theory of relativity.
3. It would be different if the measure moved with changeable velocity.
4. Thus we see that we also when the measure is not attached to the earth disregarding its displacement.
5.Of course in this case here under consideration the use of a measure fixed immovable upon the earth should merit all recommendation.
Questions -
1.How did the speed of light help prove the theory?
2.What would the difference be if the speed changed ?
3.What would be displaced by the change of light speed?
4. What immovable objects were used to measure the light?
Vocabulary -
1ether -the medium supposed by the ancients to fill the upper regions of space
2. therewith - in addition to that
3. velocity -rapidity of motion or operation; swiftness; speed
Literary Terms -
exposition - The speed of light is measured by a body laying vertical.
setting - space
Outline - The speed of light is measured and used to displace light.
Comments -
1. In order to measure the acceleration we let the body drop alongside of a vertical measure set solidly on the ground.
2. If in this case the speed were constant, then and this is in accord with the special theory of relativity.
3. It would be different if the measure moved with changeable velocity.
4. Thus we see that we also when the measure is not attached to the earth disregarding its displacement.
5.Of course in this case here under consideration the use of a measure fixed immovable upon the earth should merit all recommendation.
Questions -
1.How did the speed of light help prove the theory?
2.What would the difference be if the speed changed ?
3.What would be displaced by the change of light speed?
4. What immovable objects were used to measure the light?
Vocabulary -
1ether -the medium supposed by the ancients to fill the upper regions of space
2. therewith - in addition to that
3. velocity -rapidity of motion or operation; swiftness; speed
Literary Terms -
exposition - The speed of light is measured by a body laying vertical.
setting - space
Outline - The speed of light is measured and used to displace light.
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of RelativityBy Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1.The figures showing how many meters are comprized in each of the steps may serve to indicate the place reached and to distinguish it from any other.
2.This is means which the astronomers and their mathematical assistants have always used in dealing with movements of heavenly bodies.
3. Since Einstein has cut loose from the either, he lacks its canvas and therewith at first glance, also loses the posibility of firing the positions of heavenly bodies.
4. On the surface of the earth the attraction of gravitation causes all bodies to fall along vertical lines.
5. With an equally accelerated movement; the velocity increases in equal degrees.
Questions -
1. What mathematical figures are used to determine movement?
2. How do astronomers determine the mathematical equations?
3. Are Einstein's theories accurate about movement?
4. Is there a difference in the gravity on the surface of the earth?
Vocabulary -
1.farreaching - extending far in influence, effect, etc.:
2. comprehensible - capable of being comprehended or understood;
3. comprized - to form or constitute
Literary terms -
setting - space
exposition -They used mathematical equations to distinguish each step of the theory.
outline -
This shows how math was used to help prove the theory.
Comments -
1.The figures showing how many meters are comprized in each of the steps may serve to indicate the place reached and to distinguish it from any other.
2.This is means which the astronomers and their mathematical assistants have always used in dealing with movements of heavenly bodies.
3. Since Einstein has cut loose from the either, he lacks its canvas and therewith at first glance, also loses the posibility of firing the positions of heavenly bodies.
4. On the surface of the earth the attraction of gravitation causes all bodies to fall along vertical lines.
5. With an equally accelerated movement; the velocity increases in equal degrees.
Questions -
1. What mathematical figures are used to determine movement?
2. How do astronomers determine the mathematical equations?
3. Are Einstein's theories accurate about movement?
4. Is there a difference in the gravity on the surface of the earth?
Vocabulary -
1.farreaching - extending far in influence, effect, etc.:
2. comprehensible - capable of being comprehended or understood;
3. comprized - to form or constitute
Literary terms -
setting - space
exposition -They used mathematical equations to distinguish each step of the theory.
outline -
This shows how math was used to help prove the theory.
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of RelativityBy Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1. Einstein's theory has the very highest degree of aesthetic merit every lover of the beautiful must wish it to be true.
2. For centuries, Newton's doctrine of the attraction of gravitation has been the most prominent example of a theory of natural science.
3.Einstein has put an end to this isolation; it is now well established that gravitation affects not only matter but also light.
4. It is comprehensible that a person could not have arrived at such a farreaching change of view by continuing to follow the old beaten paths.
5. Everyone knows that a person may be sitting in any kind of a vehicle without noticing its progress.
Questions-
1. Was Newton's theory completely different from Einstein's or were there similarities?
2. How did he prove that gravity affected light?
3. How far off the path did Einstein go from the original ideas?
4.What does the movement of a car have to do with Einstein's theory?
Vocabulary -
1.aesthetic -pertaining to a sense of the beautiful or to the science of aesthetics.
2. doctrine - . a particular principle, position, or policy taught or advocated, as of a religion or government:
3. prominent - standing out beyond the adjacent surface or line; projecting.
Literary Terms -
setting - space
exposition - Einstein's theory is more pleasing than any other.
Outline -
Part of Einstein's theory includes how gravity affcts light. It also affects movement such as driving a car.
Comments -
1. Einstein's theory has the very highest degree of aesthetic merit every lover of the beautiful must wish it to be true.
2. For centuries, Newton's doctrine of the attraction of gravitation has been the most prominent example of a theory of natural science.
3.Einstein has put an end to this isolation; it is now well established that gravitation affects not only matter but also light.
4. It is comprehensible that a person could not have arrived at such a farreaching change of view by continuing to follow the old beaten paths.
5. Everyone knows that a person may be sitting in any kind of a vehicle without noticing its progress.
Questions-
1. Was Newton's theory completely different from Einstein's or were there similarities?
2. How did he prove that gravity affected light?
3. How far off the path did Einstein go from the original ideas?
4.What does the movement of a car have to do with Einstein's theory?
Vocabulary -
1.aesthetic -pertaining to a sense of the beautiful or to the science of aesthetics.
2. doctrine - . a particular principle, position, or policy taught or advocated, as of a religion or government:
3. prominent - standing out beyond the adjacent surface or line; projecting.
Literary Terms -
setting - space
exposition - Einstein's theory is more pleasing than any other.
Outline -
Part of Einstein's theory includes how gravity affcts light. It also affects movement such as driving a car.
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of RelativityBy Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1.The perihelion of Mercury shows a discrepancy which has long puzzled astronomers.
2. At the time when he published his theory, this was its only experimental verification.
3.Einstein's theory required that the light should be deflected just twice as much as what modern physicists thought.
4. The matter could only be tested during an eclipse among a number of stars.
5. There has been a tendency to overlook the third experimental theory to which Einstein's theory was to be subjected.
Questions -
1. What is the discrepancy of Mercury?
2. How was the light deflected ?
3. How did Einstein know it took twice as much of a deflection?
4. Why was an eclipse necessary to test the theory?
Vocabulary -
1.perihelion -the point in the orbit of a planet or comet at which it is nearest to the sun. 2. discrepancy - the state or quality of being discrepant; difference; inconsistency.
3.verification - the process of research, examination, etc., required to prove or establish authenticity or validity.
Literary Terms -
setting - space
exposition - The test to verify the theory involved an eclipse.
Outline -
Einstein's theory was proved through experimental verification. He needed an eclipse to prove this.
Comments -
1.The perihelion of Mercury shows a discrepancy which has long puzzled astronomers.
2. At the time when he published his theory, this was its only experimental verification.
3.Einstein's theory required that the light should be deflected just twice as much as what modern physicists thought.
4. The matter could only be tested during an eclipse among a number of stars.
5. There has been a tendency to overlook the third experimental theory to which Einstein's theory was to be subjected.
Questions -
1. What is the discrepancy of Mercury?
2. How was the light deflected ?
3. How did Einstein know it took twice as much of a deflection?
4. Why was an eclipse necessary to test the theory?
Vocabulary -
1.perihelion -the point in the orbit of a planet or comet at which it is nearest to the sun. 2. discrepancy - the state or quality of being discrepant; difference; inconsistency.
3.verification - the process of research, examination, etc., required to prove or establish authenticity or validity.
Literary Terms -
setting - space
exposition - The test to verify the theory involved an eclipse.
Outline -
Einstein's theory was proved through experimental verification. He needed an eclipse to prove this.
Sunday, February 8, 2009
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
By Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
comments -
1.The minute differences between the effects deduced from his theory and those deduced from Newton are measurable in certain cases.
2. Einstein's theory requires some essential modification.
3. Einstein has put an end to this isolation; it is now well established that gravitation affects not only matter, but also light.
4. It is not comprehensible that a person could not have arrived at such a farreaching change of view by continuing to follow the old beaten paths, but only by introducing some sort of new idea.
5.If the spaces of the universe are filled with a substance, in which aside from eventual vibrations and other slight movements, there is never any crowding or flowing of one part alongside of another.
questions -
1.What modifications are required to prove Einstein's theory?
2. What are the minute deifferences between Einstein's and Newton's deduced theories?
3.How does gravity affect light?
4.Why did Einstein vary from the original path?
vocabulary -
1.electrodynamics -the branch of physics that deals with the interactions of electric, magnetic, and mechanical phenomena.
2.ascribe -to credit or assign, as to a cause or source;
3.unification -the state or condition of being unified.
Literary terms -
setting - space
exposition - The differences in theories between Newton and Einstein.
Outline - Einstein had completely differnt theories from Newton. Although Newton wasn't totally wrong. Einstein also had to reinvent some of his ideas as well.
By Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
comments -
1.The minute differences between the effects deduced from his theory and those deduced from Newton are measurable in certain cases.
2. Einstein's theory requires some essential modification.
3. Einstein has put an end to this isolation; it is now well established that gravitation affects not only matter, but also light.
4. It is not comprehensible that a person could not have arrived at such a farreaching change of view by continuing to follow the old beaten paths, but only by introducing some sort of new idea.
5.If the spaces of the universe are filled with a substance, in which aside from eventual vibrations and other slight movements, there is never any crowding or flowing of one part alongside of another.
questions -
1.What modifications are required to prove Einstein's theory?
2. What are the minute deifferences between Einstein's and Newton's deduced theories?
3.How does gravity affect light?
4.Why did Einstein vary from the original path?
vocabulary -
1.electrodynamics -the branch of physics that deals with the interactions of electric, magnetic, and mechanical phenomena.
2.ascribe -to credit or assign, as to a cause or source;
3.unification -the state or condition of being unified.
Literary terms -
setting - space
exposition - The differences in theories between Newton and Einstein.
Outline - Einstein had completely differnt theories from Newton. Although Newton wasn't totally wrong. Einstein also had to reinvent some of his ideas as well.
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
By Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1.Already before the war, Einstein had immense fame among physicists, and among all who are interested in the philosophy of science, because of his principal of relativity.
2.In orthodox Newtonian dynamics the principal of relativity had a simpler form, which did not require the substitution of local time for general time.
3.Einstein's extension of his principle so as to account for gravitation was made during the war, and for a considerable period our astronomers were unable to become acquainted with it, owing to the difficulty of obtaining German printed matter.
4.The immense unification effected by electro-magnetism apparently left gravitation out of its scope.
5.Einstein supposes that space is Euclidean where it is sufficiently remote from matter, but that the presence of matter causes it to become slightly non-Euclidean - the more matter there is in the neighborhood, the more space will depart from the Euclid.
questions -
1.What is the difference between local and general time?
2.Was Einstein in Germany throughout the war?
3. Was Einstein living in Germany during both wars?
4.What exactly is a Euclid?
What part did gravity play in his theory of relativity?
vocabulary-
1.intervened-to come between disputing people, groups, etc.; intercede; mediate.
2.immense-immeasurable; boundless
3.euclidean-of or pertaining to Euclid, or adopting his postulates.
literary terms -
1.setting-space, Germany
2.exposition - The war was the excuse astronomers used for not understanding Einstein's theory.
outline -
Eisteins theories were even misunderstood by top astronomers. He understood how local time had to be transferred over to general time to make his theory work.
By Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments -
1.Already before the war, Einstein had immense fame among physicists, and among all who are interested in the philosophy of science, because of his principal of relativity.
2.In orthodox Newtonian dynamics the principal of relativity had a simpler form, which did not require the substitution of local time for general time.
3.Einstein's extension of his principle so as to account for gravitation was made during the war, and for a considerable period our astronomers were unable to become acquainted with it, owing to the difficulty of obtaining German printed matter.
4.The immense unification effected by electro-magnetism apparently left gravitation out of its scope.
5.Einstein supposes that space is Euclidean where it is sufficiently remote from matter, but that the presence of matter causes it to become slightly non-Euclidean - the more matter there is in the neighborhood, the more space will depart from the Euclid.
questions -
1.What is the difference between local and general time?
2.Was Einstein in Germany throughout the war?
3. Was Einstein living in Germany during both wars?
4.What exactly is a Euclid?
What part did gravity play in his theory of relativity?
vocabulary-
1.intervened-to come between disputing people, groups, etc.; intercede; mediate.
2.immense-immeasurable; boundless
3.euclidean-of or pertaining to Euclid, or adopting his postulates.
literary terms -
1.setting-space, Germany
2.exposition - The war was the excuse astronomers used for not understanding Einstein's theory.
outline -
Eisteins theories were even misunderstood by top astronomers. He understood how local time had to be transferred over to general time to make his theory work.
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
The Einstein Theory of Relativity
By Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments-
1. Whether it is true or not that not more than twelve persons in all the world are able to understand Einstein's Theory, it is nevertheless a fact that there is a constant demand for information about this much debated topic of relativity.
2.Dr. Einstein, it must be remembered, is a physicist and not an astronomer. He developed his theory as a mathematical formula. The confirmation of it came from astronomers.
3.As he himself says, the crucial test was supplied by the last total eclipse.
4.The term relativity refers to time and space.
5.Till now it was believed that time and space existed by themselves.
Questions -
1.What made Einstein use math to determine his theory?
2.Why would the universe not exist without stars?
3.What made Einstein go against the beliefs of Galileo and Newton that the universe was dependent on time and space?
4.How are all the planets inter-related?
vocabulary -
1.promulgated - to make known by open declaration; publish; proclaim formally or put into operation
2.difform - Irregular in form; - opposed to uniform; anomalous; hence, unlike; dissimilar; as, to difform corolla, the parts of which do not correspond in size or proportion; difform leaves.
3.propounded - to put forward or offer for consideration, acceptance, or adoption; set forth; propose: to propound a theory.
literary terms -
1. exposition - Einstiens theory came from mathematical equasions and not his knowledge of the universe.
2. Setting - space.
Outline -
Einstein disputed the ideas of great astronomers such as Newton and Galileo to prove his theory of relativity using his mathematical knowledge.
By Prof. H.A. Lorentz of the University of Leyden
Comments-
1. Whether it is true or not that not more than twelve persons in all the world are able to understand Einstein's Theory, it is nevertheless a fact that there is a constant demand for information about this much debated topic of relativity.
2.Dr. Einstein, it must be remembered, is a physicist and not an astronomer. He developed his theory as a mathematical formula. The confirmation of it came from astronomers.
3.As he himself says, the crucial test was supplied by the last total eclipse.
4.The term relativity refers to time and space.
5.Till now it was believed that time and space existed by themselves.
Questions -
1.What made Einstein use math to determine his theory?
2.Why would the universe not exist without stars?
3.What made Einstein go against the beliefs of Galileo and Newton that the universe was dependent on time and space?
4.How are all the planets inter-related?
vocabulary -
1.promulgated - to make known by open declaration; publish; proclaim formally or put into operation
2.difform - Irregular in form; - opposed to uniform; anomalous; hence, unlike; dissimilar; as, to difform corolla, the parts of which do not correspond in size or proportion; difform leaves.
3.propounded - to put forward or offer for consideration, acceptance, or adoption; set forth; propose: to propound a theory.
literary terms -
1. exposition - Einstiens theory came from mathematical equasions and not his knowledge of the universe.
2. Setting - space.
Outline -
Einstein disputed the ideas of great astronomers such as Newton and Galileo to prove his theory of relativity using his mathematical knowledge.
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